#!markdown

# Chapter 3 - Controlling Flow and Converting Types

#!markdown

The following code cell statically imports the Console class so that we can call the `WriteLine` method anywhere.

#!csharp

using static System.Console;

#!markdown

# Operating on variables

#!markdown

## Exploring unary operators

#!csharp

int a = 3; 
int b = a++;
WriteLine($"a is {a}, b is {b}");

int c = 3;
int d = ++c; // increment c before assigning it
WriteLine($"c is {c}, d is {d}");

#!markdown

## Exploring binary arithmetic operators

#!csharp

int e = 11; 
int f = 3;
WriteLine($"e is {e}, f is {f}"); 
WriteLine($"e + f = {e + f}"); 
WriteLine($"e - f = {e - f}"); 
WriteLine($"e * f = {e * f}"); 
WriteLine($"e / f = {e / f}"); 
WriteLine($"e % f = {e % f}");

double g = 11.0;
WriteLine($"g is {g:N1}, f is {f}"); 
WriteLine($"g / f = {g / f}");

#!markdown

## Exploring logical operators

#!csharp

bool a = true;
bool b = false;
WriteLine($"AND  | a     | b    ");
WriteLine($"a    | {a & a,-5} | {a & b,-5} ");
WriteLine($"b    | {b & a,-5} | {b & b,-5} ");
WriteLine();
WriteLine($"OR   | a     | b    ");
WriteLine($"a    | {a | a,-5} | {a | b,-5} ");
WriteLine($"b    | {b | a,-5} | {b | b,-5} ");
WriteLine();
WriteLine($"XOR  | a     | b    ");
WriteLine($"a    | {a ^ a,-5} | {a ^ b,-5} ");
WriteLine($"b    | {b ^ a,-5} | {b ^ b,-5} ");

#!markdown

## Exploring conditional logical operators

#!csharp

private static bool DoStuff()
{
  WriteLine("I am doing some stuff."); 
  return true;
}

#!csharp

WriteLine($"a & DoStuff() = {a & DoStuff()}"); 
WriteLine($"b & DoStuff() = {b & DoStuff()}");

#!csharp

WriteLine($"a && DoStuff() = {a && DoStuff()}"); 
WriteLine($"b && DoStuff() = {b && DoStuff()}");

#!markdown

## Exploring bitwise and binary shift operators

#!csharp

int a = 10; // 0000 1010
int b = 6;	// 0000 0110
WriteLine($"a = {a}");
WriteLine($"b = {b}");
WriteLine($"a & b = {a & b}"); // 2-bit column only 
WriteLine($"a | b = {a | b}"); // 8, 4, and 2-bit columns 
WriteLine($"a ^ b = {a ^ b}"); // 8 and 4-bit columns

#!markdown

## Miscellaneous operators

#!csharp

int age = 47;

// How many operators in the following statement?
char firstDigit = age.ToString()[0];

// There are four operators:
// = is the assignment operator
// . is the member access operator
// () is the invocation operator
// [] is the indexer access operator

#!markdown

# Understanding selection statements

#!markdown

## Branching with the if statement

#!csharp

string password = "ninja";

if (password.Length < 8)
{
  WriteLine("Your password is too short. Use at least 8 characters.");
}
else
{
  WriteLine("Your password is strong.");
}

#!markdown

## Pattern matching with the if statement

#!csharp

// add and remove the "" to change the behavior
object o = 3; 
int j = 4;

if (o is int i)
{
  WriteLine($"{i} x {j} = {i * j}");
}
else
{
  WriteLine("o is not an int so it cannot multiply!");
}

#!markdown

## Branching with the switch statement

#!csharp

int number = (new Random()).Next(1, 7); 
WriteLine($"My random number is {number}");

switch (number)
{
  case 1: 
    WriteLine("One");
    break; // jumps to end of switch statement
  case 2:
    WriteLine("Two");
    goto case 1;
  case 3: // multiple case section
  case 4:
    WriteLine("Three or four");
    goto case 1;
  case 5:
    // go to sleep for half a second
    System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(500);
    goto A_label;
  default:
    WriteLine("Default");
    break;
} // end of switch statement

WriteLine("After end of switch");
A_label:
WriteLine($"After A_label");

#!markdown

## Pattern matching with the switch statement

#!csharp

using System.IO;

#!markdown

`ReadKey` is not supported in .NET Interactive Notebooks. To simulate the user pressing R or W, the following code instantiates a ConsoleKeyInfo object that represents the R or W key being pressed.

#!markdown

Comment and uncomment the appropriate path depending on your OS.

#!csharp

//string path = "/Users/markjprice/Code/Chapter03";
string path = @"C:\Code\Chapter03";

Write("Press R for read-only or W for writeable: "); 

ConsoleKeyInfo key = // ReadKey();
  new ConsoleKeyInfo('R', ConsoleKey.R, 
  shift: false, alt: false, control: false); 

WriteLine();

Stream s = null;

if (key.Key == ConsoleKey.R)
{
  s =  File.Open(
    Path.Combine(path, "file.txt"), 
    FileMode.OpenOrCreate, 
    FileAccess.Read);
}
else
{
  s =  File.Open( 
    Path.Combine(path, "file.txt"), 
    FileMode.OpenOrCreate, 
    FileAccess.Write);
}

string message = string.Empty; 

switch (s)
{
  case FileStream writeableFile when s.CanWrite:
    message = "The stream is a file that I can write to.";
    break;
  case FileStream readOnlyFile:
    message = "The stream is a read-only file.";
    break;
  case MemoryStream ms:
    message = "The stream is a memory address.";
    break;
  default: // always evaluated last despite its current position
    message = "The stream is some other type.";
    break;
  case null:
    message = "The stream is null.";
    break;
}
WriteLine(message);

#!markdown

## Simplifying switch statements with switch expressions

#!csharp

message = s switch
{
  FileStream writeableFile when s.CanWrite
    => "The stream is a file that I can write to.", 
  FileStream readOnlyFile
    => "The stream is a read-only file.", 
  MemoryStream ms
    => "The stream is a memory address.", 
  null
    => "The stream is null.",
  _
    => "The stream is some other type."
};
WriteLine(message);

#!markdown

# Understanding iteration statements

#!markdown

## Looping with the while statement

#!csharp

int x = 0;

while (x < 10)
{
  WriteLine(x); 
  x++;
}

#!markdown

## Looping with the do statement

#!csharp

string password = string.Empty;
int attempts = 0;

do
{
  if (attempts == 10)
  {
    break;
  }
  Write("Enter your password: "); 
  password = "Pa$$w0rd"; // ReadLine();
  attempts++;
}
while (password != "Pa$$w0rd");

if (attempts == 10)
{
  WriteLine("You failed after 10 attempts!");
}
else
{
  WriteLine("Correct!");
}

#!markdown

## Looping with the for statement

#!csharp

for (int y = 1; y <= 10; y++)
{
  WriteLine(y);
}

#!markdown

## Looping with the foreach statement

#!csharp

string[] names = { "Adam", "Barry", "Charlie" };

foreach (string name in names)
{
  WriteLine($"{name} has {name.Length} characters.");
}

#!markdown

# Casting and converting between types

#!csharp

using static System.Console;
using static System.Convert;

#!markdown

## Casting numbers implicitly and explicitly

#!csharp

int a = 10;
double b = a; // an int can be safely cast into a double
WriteLine(b);

double c = 9.8;
int d = (int)c; // compiler gives an error for this line before adding (int)
WriteLine(d); // d is 9 losing the .8 part due to the (int) cast above

long e = 10; 
int f = (int)e;
WriteLine($"e is {e:N0} and f is {f:N0}"); 
e = 5_000_000_000; // long.MaxValue;
f = (int)e;
WriteLine($"e is {e:N0} and f is {f:N0}");

#!markdown

## Converting with the System.Convert type

#!csharp

double g = 9.8;
int h = ToInt32(g); // a method of System.Convert
WriteLine($"g is {g} and h is {h}");

#!markdown

## Understanding the default rounding rules

#!csharp

double[] doubles = new[]
  { 9.49, 9.5, 9.51, 10.49, 10.5, 10.51 };

foreach (double n in doubles)
{
  WriteLine($"ToInt32({n}) is {ToInt32(n)}");
}

#!markdown

## Taking control of rounding rules

#!csharp

foreach (double n in doubles)
{
  WriteLine(format:
    "Math.Round({0}, 0, MidpointRounding.AwayFromZero) is {1}",
    arg0: n,
    arg1: Math.Round(value: n, digits: 0,
            mode: MidpointRounding.AwayFromZero));
}

#!markdown

## Converting from any type to a string

#!csharp

int number = 12; 
WriteLine(number.ToString());

bool boolean = true; 
WriteLine(boolean.ToString());

DateTime now = DateTime.Now; 
WriteLine(now.ToString());

object me = new object(); 
WriteLine(me.ToString());

#!markdown

## Converting from a binary object to a string

#!csharp

 // allocate array of 128 bytes
 byte[] binaryObject = new byte[128];

 // populate array with random bytes
 (new Random()).NextBytes(binaryObject); 
 
 WriteLine("Binary Object as bytes:");
 
 for(int index = 0; index < binaryObject.Length; index++)
 {
   Write($"{binaryObject[index]:X} ");
 }
 WriteLine();
 
 // convert to Base64 string and output as text
 string encoded = ToBase64String(binaryObject);
 
 WriteLine($"Binary Object as Base64: {encoded}"); 

#!markdown

## Parsing from strings to numbers or dates and times

#!csharp

int age = int.Parse("27");
DateTime birthday = DateTime.Parse("4 July 1980");

WriteLine($"I was born {age} years ago."); 
WriteLine($"My birthday is {birthday}."); 
WriteLine($"My birthday is {birthday:D}.");

#!markdown

## Errors using Parse

#!csharp

int count = int.Parse("abc");

#!markdown

## Avoiding exceptions using the TryParse method

#!csharp

Write("How many eggs are there? "); 
string input = "12"; // change to "twelve"

if (int.TryParse(input, out int count))
{
  WriteLine($"There are {count} eggs.");
}
else
{
  WriteLine("I could not parse the input.");
}

#!markdown

## Wrapping error-prone code in a try block

#!csharp

WriteLine("Before parsing"); 
Write("What is your age? "); 
string input = "49";

try
{
  int age = int.Parse(input); 
  WriteLine($"You are {age} years old.");
}
catch (OverflowException)
{
  WriteLine("Your age is a valid number format but it is either too big or small.");
}
catch (FormatException)
{
  WriteLine("The age you entered is not a valid number format.");
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
  WriteLine($"{ex.GetType()} says {ex.Message}");
}

WriteLine("After parsing");

#!markdown

## Throwing overflow exceptions with the checked statement

#!csharp

try
{
  checked
  {
    int x = int.MaxValue - 1; 
    WriteLine($"Initial value: {x}"); 
    x++;
    WriteLine($"After incrementing: {x}"); 
    x++;
    WriteLine($"After incrementing: {x}"); 
    x++;
    WriteLine($"After incrementing: {x}");
  }
}
catch (OverflowException)
{
  WriteLine("The code overflowed but I caught the exception.");
}

#!markdown

## Disabling compiler overflow checks with the unchecked statement

#!csharp

int y = int.MaxValue + 1;

#!csharp

unchecked
{
  int y = int.MaxValue + 1; 
  WriteLine($"Initial value: {y}"); 
  y--;
  WriteLine($"After decrementing: {y}"); 
  y--;
  WriteLine($"After decrementing: {y}");
}