Initial commit

vs4win/Chapter05/Chapter05.sln

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+
+Microsoft Visual Studio Solution File, Format Version 12.00
+# Visual Studio Version 17
+VisualStudioVersion = 17.2.32210.308
+MinimumVisualStudioVersion = 10.0.40219.1
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "PacktLibrary", "PacktLibrary\PacktLibrary.csproj", "{9E796C3B-6FF6-4E0A-8B6D-A591B6FD1308}"
+EndProject
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "PeopleApp", "PeopleApp\PeopleApp.csproj", "{DF7885A2-C9F1-4959-9D13-C72E5E77CCDA}"
+EndProject
+Global
+	GlobalSection(SolutionConfigurationPlatforms) = preSolution
+		Debug|Any CPU = Debug|Any CPU
+		Release|Any CPU = Release|Any CPU
+	EndGlobalSection
+	GlobalSection(ProjectConfigurationPlatforms) = postSolution
+		{9E796C3B-6FF6-4E0A-8B6D-A591B6FD1308}.Debug|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
+		{9E796C3B-6FF6-4E0A-8B6D-A591B6FD1308}.Debug|Any CPU.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
+		{9E796C3B-6FF6-4E0A-8B6D-A591B6FD1308}.Release|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
+		{9E796C3B-6FF6-4E0A-8B6D-A591B6FD1308}.Release|Any CPU.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
+		{DF7885A2-C9F1-4959-9D13-C72E5E77CCDA}.Debug|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
+		{DF7885A2-C9F1-4959-9D13-C72E5E77CCDA}.Debug|Any CPU.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
+		{DF7885A2-C9F1-4959-9D13-C72E5E77CCDA}.Release|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
+		{DF7885A2-C9F1-4959-9D13-C72E5E77CCDA}.Release|Any CPU.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
+	EndGlobalSection
+	GlobalSection(SolutionProperties) = preSolution
+		HideSolutionNode = FALSE
+	EndGlobalSection
+	GlobalSection(ExtensibilityGlobals) = postSolution
+		SolutionGuid = {1A5D8950-33D6-47DC-B740-C193A5024C06}
+	EndGlobalSection
+EndGlobal

vs4win/Chapter05/PacktLibrary/BankAccount.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+namespace Packt.Shared;
+
+public class BankAccount
+{
+  public string? AccountName; // instance member
+  public decimal Balance; // instance member
+  public static decimal InterestRate; // shared member
+}

vs4win/Chapter05/PacktLibrary/Book.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+namespace Packt.Shared;
+
+public class Book
+{
+  // required is not working in .NET 7 Preview 1
+  public /* required */ string? Isbn { get; set; }
+  public string? Title { get; set; }
+}

vs4win/Chapter05/PacktLibrary/FlightPatterns.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+namespace Packt.Shared;
+
+public class BusinessClassPassenger
+{
+  public override string ToString()
+  {
+    return "Business Class";
+  }
+}
+
+public class FirstClassPassenger
+{
+  public int AirMiles { get; set; }
+
+  public override string ToString()
+  {
+    return $"First Class with {AirMiles:N0} air miles";
+  }
+}
+
+public class CoachClassPassenger
+{
+  public double CarryOnKG { get; set; }
+
+  public override string ToString()
+  {
+    return $"Coach Class with {CarryOnKG:N2} KG carry on";
+  }
+}

vs4win/Chapter05/PacktLibrary/PacktLibrary.csproj

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+
+	<PropertyGroup>
+		<TargetFramework>netstandard2.0</TargetFramework>
+		<LangVersion>10</LangVersion>
+		<ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
+		<Nullable>enable</Nullable>
+	</PropertyGroup>
+
+	<ItemGroup>
+		<Using Include="System.Console" Static="true" />
+	</ItemGroup>
+
+</Project>

vs4win/Chapter05/PacktLibrary/Person.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+namespace Packt.Shared; // file-scoped namespace
+
+public partial class Person : object
+{
+  // fields
+  public string? Name;
+  public DateTime DateOfBirth;
+  public WondersOfTheAncientWorld FavoriteAncientWonder;
+  public WondersOfTheAncientWorld BucketList;
+  public List<Person> Children = new();
+
+  // constants
+  public const string Species = "Homo Sapiens";
+
+  // read-only fields
+  public readonly string HomePlanet = "Earth";
+  public readonly DateTime Instantiated;
+
+  // constructors
+  public Person()
+  {
+    // set default values for fields
+    // including read-only fields
+    Name = "Unknown";
+    Instantiated = DateTime.Now;
+  }
+
+  public Person(string initialName, string homePlanet)
+  {
+    Name = initialName;
+    HomePlanet = homePlanet;
+    Instantiated = DateTime.Now;
+  }
+
+  // methods
+  public void WriteToConsole()
+  {
+    WriteLine($"{Name} was born on a {DateOfBirth:dddd}.");
+  }
+
+  public string GetOrigin()
+  {
+    return $"{Name} was born on {HomePlanet}.";
+  }
+
+  public (string, int) GetFruit()
+  {
+    return ("Apples", 5);
+  }
+
+  public (string Name, int Number) GetNamedFruit()
+  {
+    return (Name: "Apples", Number: 5);
+  }
+
+  // deconstructors
+  public void Deconstruct(out string? name, out DateTime dob)
+  {
+    name = Name;
+    dob = DateOfBirth;
+  }
+
+  public void Deconstruct(out string? name,
+    out DateTime dob, out WondersOfTheAncientWorld fav)
+  {
+    name = Name;
+    dob = DateOfBirth;
+    fav = FavoriteAncientWonder;
+  }
+
+  public string SayHello()
+  {
+    return $"{Name} says 'Hello!'";
+  }
+
+  public string SayHello(string name)
+  {
+    return $"{Name} says 'Hello, {name}!'";
+  }
+
+  public string OptionalParameters(string command = "Run!",
+    double number = 0.0, bool active = true)
+  {
+    return string.Format(
+      format: "command is {0}, number is {1}, active is {2}",
+      arg0: command,
+      arg1: number,
+      arg2: active);
+  }
+
+  public void PassingParameters(int x, ref int y, out int z)
+  {
+    // out parameters cannot have a default
+    // AND must be initialized inside the method
+    z = 99;
+    // increment each parameter
+    x++;
+    y++;
+    z++;
+  }
+
+}
+

vs4win/Chapter05/PacktLibrary/PersonAutoGen.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+namespace Packt.Shared;
+
+// this file simulates an autogenerated class
+
+public partial class Person
+{
+  // a readonly property defined using C# 1 - 5 syntax
+  public string Origin
+  {
+    get
+    {
+      return string.Format("{0} was born on {1}",
+        arg0: Name, arg1: HomePlanet);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // two readonly properties defined using C# 6+ lambda expression body syntax
+  public string Greeting => $"{Name} says 'Hello!'";
+  public int Age => DateTime.Today.Year - DateOfBirth.Year;
+
+  // a read-write property defined using C# 3.0 syntax
+  public string? FavoriteIceCream { get; set; } // auto-syntax
+
+  // a private field to store the property value
+  private string? favoritePrimaryColor;
+
+  // a public property to read and write to the field
+  public string? FavoritePrimaryColor
+  {
+    get
+    {
+      return favoritePrimaryColor;
+    }
+    set
+    {
+      switch (value?.ToLower())
+      {
+        case "red":
+        case "green":
+        case "blue":
+          favoritePrimaryColor = value;
+          break;
+        default:
+          throw new ArgumentException(
+            $"{value} is not a primary color. " +
+            "Choose from: red, green, blue.");
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // indexers
+  public Person this[int index]
+  {
+    get
+    {
+      return Children[index]; // pass on to the List<T> indexer
+    }
+    set
+    {
+      Children[index] = value;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public Person this[string name]
+  {
+    get
+    {
+      return Children.Find(p => p.Name == name);
+    }
+    set
+    {
+      Person found = Children.Find(p => p.Name == name);
+      if (found is not null) found = value;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private bool married = false;
+  public bool Married => married;
+
+  private Person? spouse = null;
+  public Person? Spouse => spouse;
+
+  // static method to marry
+  public static void Marry(Person p1, Person p2)
+  {
+    p1.Marry(p2);
+  }
+
+  // instance method to marry
+  public void Marry(Person partner)
+  {
+    if (married) return;
+    spouse = partner;
+    married = true;
+    partner.Marry(this);
+  }
+
+  // static method to "multiply"
+  public static Person Procreate(Person p1, Person p2)
+  {
+    if (p1.Spouse != p2)
+    {
+      throw new ArgumentException("You must be married to procreate.");
+    }
+
+    Person baby = new()
+    {
+      Name = $"Baby of {p1.Name} and {p2.Name}",
+      DateOfBirth = DateTime.Now
+    };
+
+    p1.Children.Add(baby);
+    p2.Children.Add(baby);
+
+    return baby;
+  }
+
+  // instance method to "multiply"
+  public Person ProcreateWith(Person partner)
+  {
+    return Procreate(this, partner);
+  }
+
+  // operator to "marry"
+  public static bool operator +(Person p1, Person p2)
+  {
+    Marry(p1, p2);
+    return p1.Married && p2.Married; // confirm they are both now married
+  }
+
+  // operator to "multiply"
+  public static Person operator *(Person p1, Person p2)
+  {
+    return Procreate(p1, p2);
+  }
+
+  // method with a local function
+  public static int Factorial(int number)
+  {
+    if (number < 0)
+    {
+      throw new ArgumentException(
+        $"{nameof(number)} cannot be less than zero.");
+    }
+    return localFactorial(number);
+
+    int localFactorial(int localNumber) // local function
+    {
+      if (localNumber == 0) return 1;
+      return localNumber * localFactorial(localNumber - 1);
+    }
+  }
+}

vs4win/Chapter05/PacktLibrary/Records.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+namespace Packt.Shared;
+
+public class ImmutablePerson
+{
+  //public string? FirstName { get; init; }
+  //public string? LastName { get; init; }
+}

vs4win/Chapter05/PacktLibrary/WondersOfTheAncientWorld.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+namespace Packt.Shared;
+
+[Flags]
+public enum WondersOfTheAncientWorld : byte
+{
+  None = 0b_0000_0000, // i.e. 0
+  GreatPyramidOfGiza = 0b_0000_0001, // i.e. 1
+  HangingGardensOfBabylon = 0b_0000_0010, // i.e. 2
+  StatueOfZeusAtOlympia = 0b_0000_0100, // i.e. 4
+  TempleOfArtemisAtEphesus = 0b_0000_1000, // i.e. 8
+  MausoleumAtHalicarnassus = 0b_0001_0000, // i.e. 16
+  ColossusOfRhodes = 0b_0010_0000, // i.e. 32
+  LighthouseOfAlexandria = 0b_0100_0000  // i.e. 64
+}

vs4win/Chapter05/PeopleApp/PeopleApp.csproj

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+
+	<PropertyGroup>
+		<OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
+		<TargetFramework>net7.0</TargetFramework>
+		<ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
+		<Nullable>enable</Nullable>
+	</PropertyGroup>
+
+	<ItemGroup>
+		<ProjectReference Include="..\PacktLibrary\PacktLibrary.csproj" />
+	</ItemGroup>
+
+	<ItemGroup>
+		<Using Include="System.Console" Static="true" />
+	</ItemGroup>
+
+</Project>

vs4win/Chapter05/PeopleApp/Program.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+using Packt.Shared;
+
+Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture = 
+  System.Globalization.CultureInfo.GetCultureInfo("en-GB");
+
+// Person bob = new Person(); // C# 1.0 or later
+// var bob = new Person(); // C# 3.0 or later
+
+Person bob = new(); // C# 9.0 or later
+WriteLine(bob.ToString());
+
+bob.Name = "Bob Smith";
+bob.DateOfBirth = new DateTime(1965, 12, 22); // C# 1.0 or later
+
+WriteLine(format: "{0} was born on {1:dddd, d MMMM yyyy}",
+  arg0: bob.Name,
+  arg1: bob.DateOfBirth);
+
+Person alice = new()
+{
+  Name = "Alice Jones",
+  DateOfBirth = new(1998, 3, 7) // C# 9.0 or later
+};
+
+WriteLine(format: "{0} was born on {1:dd MMM yy}",
+  arg0: alice.Name,
+  arg1: alice.DateOfBirth);
+
+bob.FavoriteAncientWonder = WondersOfTheAncientWorld.StatueOfZeusAtOlympia;
+
+WriteLine(
+  format: "{0}'s favorite wonder is {1}. Its integer is {2}.",
+  arg0: bob.Name,
+  arg1: bob.FavoriteAncientWonder,
+  arg2: (int)bob.FavoriteAncientWonder);
+
+bob.BucketList =
+  WondersOfTheAncientWorld.HangingGardensOfBabylon
+  | WondersOfTheAncientWorld.MausoleumAtHalicarnassus;
+
+// bob.BucketList = (WondersOfTheAncientWorld)18;
+
+WriteLine($"{bob.Name}'s bucket list is {bob.BucketList}");
+
+bob.Children.Add(new Person { Name = "Alfred" }); // C# 3.0 and later
+bob.Children.Add(new() { Name = "Zoe" }); // C# 9.0 and later
+
+WriteLine($"{bob.Name} has {bob.Children.Count} children:");
+
+for (int childIndex = 0; childIndex < bob.Children.Count; childIndex++)
+{
+  WriteLine($"> {bob.Children[childIndex].Name}");
+}
+
+/*
+foreach (Person child in bob.Children)
+{
+  WriteLine($"> {child.Name}");
+}
+*/
+
+BankAccount.InterestRate = 0.012M; // store a shared value
+
+BankAccount jonesAccount = new();
+jonesAccount.AccountName = "Mrs. Jones";
+jonesAccount.Balance = 2400;
+WriteLine(format: "{0} earned {1:C} interest.",
+  arg0: jonesAccount.AccountName,
+  arg1: jonesAccount.Balance * BankAccount.InterestRate);
+
+BankAccount gerrierAccount = new();
+gerrierAccount.AccountName = "Ms. Gerrier";
+gerrierAccount.Balance = 98;
+WriteLine(format: "{0} earned {1:C} interest.",
+  arg0: gerrierAccount.AccountName,
+  arg1: gerrierAccount.Balance * BankAccount.InterestRate);
+
+WriteLine($"{bob.Name} is a {Person.Species}");
+
+WriteLine($"{bob.Name} was born on {bob.HomePlanet}");
+
+Person blankPerson = new();
+
+WriteLine(format:
+  "{0} of {1} was created at {2:hh:mm:ss} on a {2:dddd}.",
+  arg0: blankPerson.Name,
+  arg1: blankPerson.HomePlanet,
+  arg2: blankPerson.Instantiated);
+
+Person gunny = new(initialName: "Gunny", homePlanet: "Mars");
+
+WriteLine(format:
+  "{0} of {1} was created at {2:hh:mm:ss} on a {2:dddd}.",
+  arg0: gunny.Name,
+  arg1: gunny.HomePlanet,
+  arg2: gunny.Instantiated);
+
+bob.WriteToConsole();
+WriteLine(bob.GetOrigin());
+
+(string, int) fruit = bob.GetFruit();
+WriteLine($"{fruit.Item1}, {fruit.Item2} there are.");
+
+var fruitNamed = bob.GetNamedFruit();
+WriteLine($"There are {fruitNamed.Number} {fruitNamed.Name}.");
+
+var thing1 = ("Neville", 4);
+WriteLine($"{thing1.Item1} has {thing1.Item2} children.");
+
+var thing2 = (bob.Name, bob.Children.Count);
+WriteLine($"{thing2.Name} has {thing2.Count} children.");
+
+(string fruitName, int fruitNumber) = bob.GetFruit();
+WriteLine($"Deconstructed: {fruitName}, {fruitNumber}");
+
+// Deconstructing a Person
+var (name1, dob1) = bob;
+WriteLine($"Deconstructed: {name1}, {dob1}");
+
+var (name2, dob2, fav2) = bob;
+WriteLine($"Deconstructed: {name2}, {dob2}, {fav2}");
+
+WriteLine(bob.SayHello());
+WriteLine(bob.SayHello("Emily"));
+
+WriteLine(bob.OptionalParameters());
+
+WriteLine(bob.OptionalParameters("Jump!", 98.5));
+
+WriteLine(bob.OptionalParameters(number: 52.7, command: "Hide!"));
+
+WriteLine(bob.OptionalParameters("Poke!", active: false));
+
+int a = 10;
+int b = 20;
+int c = 30;
+WriteLine($"Before: a = {a}, b = {b}, c = {c}");
+bob.PassingParameters(a, ref b, out c);
+WriteLine($"After: a = {a}, b = {b}, c = {c}");
+
+int d = 10;
+int e = 20;
+WriteLine($"Before: d = {d}, e = {e}, f doesn't exist yet!");
+
+// simplified C# 7.0 or later syntax for the out parameter 
+bob.PassingParameters(d, ref e, out int f);
+WriteLine($"After: d = {d}, e = {e}, f = {f}");
+
+Person sam = new()
+{
+  Name = "Sam",
+  DateOfBirth = new(1969, 6, 25)
+};
+
+WriteLine(sam.Origin);
+WriteLine(sam.Greeting);
+WriteLine(sam.Age);
+
+sam.FavoriteIceCream = "Chocolate Fudge";
+WriteLine($"Sam's favorite ice-cream flavor is {sam.FavoriteIceCream}.");
+sam.FavoritePrimaryColor = "Red";
+WriteLine($"Sam's favorite primary color is {sam.FavoritePrimaryColor}.");
+
+Book book = new();
+book.Title = "C# 11 and .NET 7 - Modern Cross-Platform Development";
+
+sam.Children.Add(new() { Name = "Charlie", DateOfBirth = new(2010, 3, 18) });
+sam.Children.Add(new() { Name = "Ella", DateOfBirth = new(2020, 12, 24) });
+
+// get using Children list
+WriteLine($"Sam's first child is {sam.Children[0].Name}.");
+WriteLine($"Sam's second child is {sam.Children[1].Name}.");
+
+// get using integer position indexer
+WriteLine($"Sam's first child is {sam[0].Name}.");
+WriteLine($"Sam's second child is {sam[1].Name}.");
+
+// get using name indexer
+WriteLine($"Sam's child named Ella is {sam["Ella"].Age} years old.");
+
+// Implementing functionality using methods
+
+Person lamech = new() { Name = "Lamech" };
+Person adah = new() { Name = "Adah" };
+Person zillah = new() { Name = "Zillah" };
+
+lamech.Marry(adah);
+// Person.Marry(zillah, lamech);
+if (zillah + lamech)
+{
+  WriteLine($"{zillah.Name} and {lamech.Name} successfully got married.");
+}
+
+WriteLine($"{lamech.Name} is married to {lamech.Spouse?.Name ?? "nobody"}");
+WriteLine($"{adah.Name} is married to {adah.Spouse?.Name ?? "nobody"}");
+WriteLine($"{zillah.Name} is married to {zillah.Spouse?.Name ?? "nobody"}");
+
+// call instance method
+Person baby1 = lamech.ProcreateWith(adah);
+baby1.Name = "Jabal";
+WriteLine($"{baby1.Name} was born on {baby1.DateOfBirth}");
+
+// call static method
+Person baby2 = Person.Procreate(zillah, lamech);
+baby2.Name = "Tubalcain";
+
+// use operator to "multiply"
+Person baby3 = lamech * adah;
+baby3.Name = "Jubal";
+
+Person baby4 = zillah * lamech;
+baby4.Name = "Naamah";
+
+WriteLine($"{lamech.Name} has {lamech.Children.Count} children.");
+WriteLine($"{adah.Name} has {adah.Children.Count} children.");
+WriteLine($"{zillah.Name} has {zillah.Children.Count} children.");
+
+for (int i = 0; i < lamech.Children.Count; i++)
+{
+  WriteLine(format: "{0}'s child #{1} is named \"{2}\".",
+    arg0: lamech.Name, arg1: i, arg2: lamech[i].Name);
+}
+
+// Implementing functionality using local functions
+
+WriteLine($"5! is {Person.Factorial(5)}");
+
+// Pattern matching with objects
+
+object[] passengers = {
+  new FirstClassPassenger { AirMiles = 1_419 },
+  new FirstClassPassenger { AirMiles = 16_562 },
+  new BusinessClassPassenger(),
+  new CoachClassPassenger { CarryOnKG = 25.7 },
+  new CoachClassPassenger { CarryOnKG = 0 },
+};
+
+foreach (object passenger in passengers)
+{
+  decimal flightCost = passenger switch
+  {
+    /* C# 8 syntax
+    FirstClassPassenger p when p.AirMiles > 35000 => 1500M,
+    FirstClassPassenger p when p.AirMiles > 15000 => 1750M,
+    FirstClassPassenger                           => 2000M, */
+
+    // C# 9 or later syntax
+    FirstClassPassenger p => p.AirMiles switch
+    {
+      > 35000 => 1500M,
+      > 15000 => 1750M,
+      _       => 2000M
+    },
+    BusinessClassPassenger _                      => 1000M,
+    CoachClassPassenger p when p.CarryOnKG < 10.0 => 500M,
+    CoachClassPassenger _                         => 650M,
+    _                                             => 800M
+  };
+  WriteLine($"Flight costs {flightCost:C} for {passenger}");
+}
+
+//ImmutablePerson jeff = new()
+//{
+//  FirstName = "Jeff",
+//  LastName = "Winger"
+//};
+//jeff.FirstName = "Geoff";

vscode/Chapter05/Chapter05.code-workspace

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+	"folders": [
+		{
+			"path": "PacktLibrary"
+		},
+		{
+			"path": "PeopleApp"
+		}
+	]
+}

vscode/Chapter05/PacktLibrary/BankAccount.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+namespace Packt.Shared;
+
+public class BankAccount
+{
+  public string? AccountName; // instance member
+  public decimal Balance; // instance member
+  public static decimal InterestRate; // shared member
+}

vscode/Chapter05/PacktLibrary/Book.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+namespace Packt.Shared;
+
+public class Book
+{
+  // required is not working in .NET 7 Preview 1
+  public /* required */ string? Isbn { get; set; }
+  public string? Title { get; set; }
+}

vscode/Chapter05/PacktLibrary/FlightPatterns.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+namespace Packt.Shared;
+
+public class BusinessClassPassenger
+{
+  public override string ToString()
+  {
+    return "Business Class";
+  }
+}
+
+public class FirstClassPassenger
+{
+  public int AirMiles { get; set; }
+
+  public override string ToString()
+  {
+    return $"First Class with {AirMiles:N0} air miles";
+  }
+}
+
+public class CoachClassPassenger
+{
+  public double CarryOnKG { get; set; }
+
+  public override string ToString()
+  {
+    return $"Coach Class with {CarryOnKG:N2} KG carry on";
+  }
+}

vscode/Chapter05/PacktLibrary/PacktLibrary.csproj

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+
+	<PropertyGroup>
+		<TargetFramework>netstandard2.0</TargetFramework>
+		<LangVersion>10</LangVersion>
+		<ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
+		<Nullable>enable</Nullable>
+	</PropertyGroup>
+
+	<ItemGroup>
+		<Using Include="System.Console" Static="true" />
+	</ItemGroup>
+
+</Project>

vscode/Chapter05/PacktLibrary/Person.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+namespace Packt.Shared; // file-scoped namespace
+
+public partial class Person : object
+{
+  // fields
+  public string? Name;
+  public DateTime DateOfBirth;
+  public WondersOfTheAncientWorld FavoriteAncientWonder;
+  public WondersOfTheAncientWorld BucketList;
+  public List<Person> Children = new();
+
+  // constants
+  public const string Species = "Homo Sapiens";
+
+  // read-only fields
+  public readonly string HomePlanet = "Earth";
+  public readonly DateTime Instantiated;
+
+  // constructors
+  public Person()
+  {
+    // set default values for fields
+    // including read-only fields
+    Name = "Unknown";
+    Instantiated = DateTime.Now;
+  }
+
+  public Person(string initialName, string homePlanet)
+  {
+    Name = initialName;
+    HomePlanet = homePlanet;
+    Instantiated = DateTime.Now;
+  }
+
+  // methods
+  public void WriteToConsole()
+  {
+    WriteLine($"{Name} was born on a {DateOfBirth:dddd}.");
+  }
+
+  public string GetOrigin()
+  {
+    return $"{Name} was born on {HomePlanet}.";
+  }
+
+  public (string, int) GetFruit()
+  {
+    return ("Apples", 5);
+  }
+
+  public (string Name, int Number) GetNamedFruit()
+  {
+    return (Name: "Apples", Number: 5);
+  }
+
+  // deconstructors
+  public void Deconstruct(out string? name, out DateTime dob)
+  {
+    name = Name;
+    dob = DateOfBirth;
+  }
+
+  public void Deconstruct(out string? name,
+    out DateTime dob, out WondersOfTheAncientWorld fav)
+  {
+    name = Name;
+    dob = DateOfBirth;
+    fav = FavoriteAncientWonder;
+  }
+
+  public string SayHello()
+  {
+    return $"{Name} says 'Hello!'";
+  }
+
+  public string SayHello(string name)
+  {
+    return $"{Name} says 'Hello, {name}!'";
+  }
+
+  public string OptionalParameters(string command = "Run!",
+    double number = 0.0, bool active = true)
+  {
+    return string.Format(
+      format: "command is {0}, number is {1}, active is {2}",
+      arg0: command,
+      arg1: number,
+      arg2: active);
+  }
+
+  public void PassingParameters(int x, ref int y, out int z)
+  {
+    // out parameters cannot have a default
+    // AND must be initialized inside the method
+    z = 99;
+    // increment each parameter
+    x++;
+    y++;
+    z++;
+  }
+
+}
+

vscode/Chapter05/PacktLibrary/PersonAutoGen.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+namespace Packt.Shared;
+
+// this file simulates an autogenerated class
+
+public partial class Person
+{
+  // a readonly property defined using C# 1 - 5 syntax
+  public string Origin
+  {
+    get
+    {
+      return string.Format("{0} was born on {1}",
+        arg0: Name, arg1: HomePlanet);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // two readonly properties defined using C# 6+ lambda expression body syntax
+  public string Greeting => $"{Name} says 'Hello!'";
+  public int Age => DateTime.Today.Year - DateOfBirth.Year;
+
+  // a read-write property defined using C# 3.0 syntax
+  public string? FavoriteIceCream { get; set; } // auto-syntax
+
+  // a private field to store the property value
+  private string? favoritePrimaryColor;
+
+  // a public property to read and write to the field
+  public string? FavoritePrimaryColor
+  {
+    get
+    {
+      return favoritePrimaryColor;
+    }
+    set
+    {
+      switch (value?.ToLower())
+      {
+        case "red":
+        case "green":
+        case "blue":
+          favoritePrimaryColor = value;
+          break;
+        default:
+          throw new ArgumentException(
+            $"{value} is not a primary color. " +
+            "Choose from: red, green, blue.");
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // indexers
+  public Person this[int index]
+  {
+    get
+    {
+      return Children[index]; // pass on to the List<T> indexer
+    }
+    set
+    {
+      Children[index] = value;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public Person this[string name]
+  {
+    get
+    {
+      return Children.Find(p => p.Name == name);
+    }
+    set
+    {
+      Person found = Children.Find(p => p.Name == name);
+      if (found is not null) found = value;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private bool married = false;
+  public bool Married => married;
+
+  private Person? spouse = null;
+  public Person? Spouse => spouse;
+
+  // static method to marry
+  public static void Marry(Person p1, Person p2)
+  {
+    p1.Marry(p2);
+  }
+
+  // instance method to marry
+  public void Marry(Person partner)
+  {
+    if (married) return;
+    spouse = partner;
+    married = true;
+    partner.Marry(this);
+  }
+
+  // static method to "multiply"
+  public static Person Procreate(Person p1, Person p2)
+  {
+    if (p1.Spouse != p2)
+    {
+      throw new ArgumentException("You must be married to procreate.");
+    }
+
+    Person baby = new()
+    {
+      Name = $"Baby of {p1.Name} and {p2.Name}",
+      DateOfBirth = DateTime.Now
+    };
+
+    p1.Children.Add(baby);
+    p2.Children.Add(baby);
+
+    return baby;
+  }
+
+  // instance method to "multiply"
+  public Person ProcreateWith(Person partner)
+  {
+    return Procreate(this, partner);
+  }
+
+  // operator to "marry"
+  public static bool operator +(Person p1, Person p2)
+  {
+    Marry(p1, p2);
+    return p1.Married && p2.Married; // confirm they are both now married
+  }
+
+  // operator to "multiply"
+  public static Person operator *(Person p1, Person p2)
+  {
+    return Procreate(p1, p2);
+  }
+
+  // method with a local function
+  public static int Factorial(int number)
+  {
+    if (number < 0)
+    {
+      throw new ArgumentException(
+        $"{nameof(number)} cannot be less than zero.");
+    }
+    return localFactorial(number);
+
+    int localFactorial(int localNumber) // local function
+    {
+      if (localNumber == 0) return 1;
+      return localNumber * localFactorial(localNumber - 1);
+    }
+  }
+}

vscode/Chapter05/PacktLibrary/Records.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+namespace Packt.Shared;
+
+public class ImmutablePerson
+{
+  //public string? FirstName { get; init; }
+  //public string? LastName { get; init; }
+}

vscode/Chapter05/PacktLibrary/WondersOfTheAncientWorld.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+namespace Packt.Shared;
+
+[Flags]
+public enum WondersOfTheAncientWorld : byte
+{
+  None = 0b_0000_0000, // i.e. 0
+  GreatPyramidOfGiza = 0b_0000_0001, // i.e. 1
+  HangingGardensOfBabylon = 0b_0000_0010, // i.e. 2
+  StatueOfZeusAtOlympia = 0b_0000_0100, // i.e. 4
+  TempleOfArtemisAtEphesus = 0b_0000_1000, // i.e. 8
+  MausoleumAtHalicarnassus = 0b_0001_0000, // i.e. 16
+  ColossusOfRhodes = 0b_0010_0000, // i.e. 32
+  LighthouseOfAlexandria = 0b_0100_0000  // i.e. 64
+}

vscode/Chapter05/PeopleApp/PeopleApp.csproj

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+
+	<PropertyGroup>
+		<OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
+		<TargetFramework>net7.0</TargetFramework>
+		<ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
+		<Nullable>enable</Nullable>
+	</PropertyGroup>
+
+	<ItemGroup>
+		<ProjectReference Include="..\PacktLibrary\PacktLibrary.csproj" />
+	</ItemGroup>
+
+	<ItemGroup>
+		<Using Include="System.Console" Static="true" />
+	</ItemGroup>
+
+</Project>

vscode/Chapter05/PeopleApp/Program.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+using Packt.Shared;
+
+Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture = 
+  System.Globalization.CultureInfo.GetCultureInfo("en-GB");
+
+// Person bob = new Person(); // C# 1.0 or later
+// var bob = new Person(); // C# 3.0 or later
+
+Person bob = new(); // C# 9.0 or later
+WriteLine(bob.ToString());
+
+bob.Name = "Bob Smith";
+bob.DateOfBirth = new DateTime(1965, 12, 22); // C# 1.0 or later
+
+WriteLine(format: "{0} was born on {1:dddd, d MMMM yyyy}",
+  arg0: bob.Name,
+  arg1: bob.DateOfBirth);
+
+Person alice = new()
+{
+  Name = "Alice Jones",
+  DateOfBirth = new(1998, 3, 7) // C# 9.0 or later
+};
+
+WriteLine(format: "{0} was born on {1:dd MMM yy}",
+  arg0: alice.Name,
+  arg1: alice.DateOfBirth);
+
+bob.FavoriteAncientWonder = WondersOfTheAncientWorld.StatueOfZeusAtOlympia;
+
+WriteLine(
+  format: "{0}'s favorite wonder is {1}. Its integer is {2}.",
+  arg0: bob.Name,
+  arg1: bob.FavoriteAncientWonder,
+  arg2: (int)bob.FavoriteAncientWonder);
+
+bob.BucketList =
+  WondersOfTheAncientWorld.HangingGardensOfBabylon
+  | WondersOfTheAncientWorld.MausoleumAtHalicarnassus;
+
+// bob.BucketList = (WondersOfTheAncientWorld)18;
+
+WriteLine($"{bob.Name}'s bucket list is {bob.BucketList}");
+
+bob.Children.Add(new Person { Name = "Alfred" }); // C# 3.0 and later
+bob.Children.Add(new() { Name = "Zoe" }); // C# 9.0 and later
+
+WriteLine($"{bob.Name} has {bob.Children.Count} children:");
+
+for (int childIndex = 0; childIndex < bob.Children.Count; childIndex++)
+{
+  WriteLine($"> {bob.Children[childIndex].Name}");
+}
+
+/*
+foreach (Person child in bob.Children)
+{
+  WriteLine($"> {child.Name}");
+}
+*/
+
+BankAccount.InterestRate = 0.012M; // store a shared value
+
+BankAccount jonesAccount = new();
+jonesAccount.AccountName = "Mrs. Jones";
+jonesAccount.Balance = 2400;
+WriteLine(format: "{0} earned {1:C} interest.",
+  arg0: jonesAccount.AccountName,
+  arg1: jonesAccount.Balance * BankAccount.InterestRate);
+
+BankAccount gerrierAccount = new();
+gerrierAccount.AccountName = "Ms. Gerrier";
+gerrierAccount.Balance = 98;
+WriteLine(format: "{0} earned {1:C} interest.",
+  arg0: gerrierAccount.AccountName,
+  arg1: gerrierAccount.Balance * BankAccount.InterestRate);
+
+WriteLine($"{bob.Name} is a {Person.Species}");
+
+WriteLine($"{bob.Name} was born on {bob.HomePlanet}");
+
+Person blankPerson = new();
+
+WriteLine(format:
+  "{0} of {1} was created at {2:hh:mm:ss} on a {2:dddd}.",
+  arg0: blankPerson.Name,
+  arg1: blankPerson.HomePlanet,
+  arg2: blankPerson.Instantiated);
+
+Person gunny = new(initialName: "Gunny", homePlanet: "Mars");
+
+WriteLine(format:
+  "{0} of {1} was created at {2:hh:mm:ss} on a {2:dddd}.",
+  arg0: gunny.Name,
+  arg1: gunny.HomePlanet,
+  arg2: gunny.Instantiated);
+
+bob.WriteToConsole();
+WriteLine(bob.GetOrigin());
+
+(string, int) fruit = bob.GetFruit();
+WriteLine($"{fruit.Item1}, {fruit.Item2} there are.");
+
+var fruitNamed = bob.GetNamedFruit();
+WriteLine($"There are {fruitNamed.Number} {fruitNamed.Name}.");
+
+var thing1 = ("Neville", 4);
+WriteLine($"{thing1.Item1} has {thing1.Item2} children.");
+
+var thing2 = (bob.Name, bob.Children.Count);
+WriteLine($"{thing2.Name} has {thing2.Count} children.");
+
+(string fruitName, int fruitNumber) = bob.GetFruit();
+WriteLine($"Deconstructed: {fruitName}, {fruitNumber}");
+
+// Deconstructing a Person
+var (name1, dob1) = bob;
+WriteLine($"Deconstructed: {name1}, {dob1}");
+
+var (name2, dob2, fav2) = bob;
+WriteLine($"Deconstructed: {name2}, {dob2}, {fav2}");
+
+WriteLine(bob.SayHello());
+WriteLine(bob.SayHello("Emily"));
+
+WriteLine(bob.OptionalParameters());
+
+WriteLine(bob.OptionalParameters("Jump!", 98.5));
+
+WriteLine(bob.OptionalParameters(number: 52.7, command: "Hide!"));
+
+WriteLine(bob.OptionalParameters("Poke!", active: false));
+
+int a = 10;
+int b = 20;
+int c = 30;
+WriteLine($"Before: a = {a}, b = {b}, c = {c}");
+bob.PassingParameters(a, ref b, out c);
+WriteLine($"After: a = {a}, b = {b}, c = {c}");
+
+int d = 10;
+int e = 20;
+WriteLine($"Before: d = {d}, e = {e}, f doesn't exist yet!");
+
+// simplified C# 7.0 or later syntax for the out parameter 
+bob.PassingParameters(d, ref e, out int f);
+WriteLine($"After: d = {d}, e = {e}, f = {f}");
+
+Person sam = new()
+{
+  Name = "Sam",
+  DateOfBirth = new(1969, 6, 25)
+};
+
+WriteLine(sam.Origin);
+WriteLine(sam.Greeting);
+WriteLine(sam.Age);
+
+sam.FavoriteIceCream = "Chocolate Fudge";
+WriteLine($"Sam's favorite ice-cream flavor is {sam.FavoriteIceCream}.");
+sam.FavoritePrimaryColor = "Red";
+WriteLine($"Sam's favorite primary color is {sam.FavoritePrimaryColor}.");
+
+Book book = new();
+book.Title = "C# 11 and .NET 7 - Modern Cross-Platform Development";
+
+sam.Children.Add(new() { Name = "Charlie", DateOfBirth = new(2010, 3, 18) });
+sam.Children.Add(new() { Name = "Ella", DateOfBirth = new(2020, 12, 24) });
+
+// get using Children list
+WriteLine($"Sam's first child is {sam.Children[0].Name}.");
+WriteLine($"Sam's second child is {sam.Children[1].Name}.");
+
+// get using integer position indexer
+WriteLine($"Sam's first child is {sam[0].Name}.");
+WriteLine($"Sam's second child is {sam[1].Name}.");
+
+// get using name indexer
+WriteLine($"Sam's child named Ella is {sam["Ella"].Age} years old.");
+
+// Implementing functionality using methods
+
+Person lamech = new() { Name = "Lamech" };
+Person adah = new() { Name = "Adah" };
+Person zillah = new() { Name = "Zillah" };
+
+lamech.Marry(adah);
+// Person.Marry(zillah, lamech);
+if (zillah + lamech)
+{
+  WriteLine($"{zillah.Name} and {lamech.Name} successfully got married.");
+}
+
+WriteLine($"{lamech.Name} is married to {lamech.Spouse?.Name ?? "nobody"}");
+WriteLine($"{adah.Name} is married to {adah.Spouse?.Name ?? "nobody"}");
+WriteLine($"{zillah.Name} is married to {zillah.Spouse?.Name ?? "nobody"}");
+
+// call instance method
+Person baby1 = lamech.ProcreateWith(adah);
+baby1.Name = "Jabal";
+WriteLine($"{baby1.Name} was born on {baby1.DateOfBirth}");
+
+// call static method
+Person baby2 = Person.Procreate(zillah, lamech);
+baby2.Name = "Tubalcain";
+
+// use operator to "multiply"
+Person baby3 = lamech * adah;
+baby3.Name = "Jubal";
+
+Person baby4 = zillah * lamech;
+baby4.Name = "Naamah";
+
+WriteLine($"{lamech.Name} has {lamech.Children.Count} children.");
+WriteLine($"{adah.Name} has {adah.Children.Count} children.");
+WriteLine($"{zillah.Name} has {zillah.Children.Count} children.");
+
+for (int i = 0; i < lamech.Children.Count; i++)
+{
+  WriteLine(format: "{0}'s child #{1} is named \"{2}\".",
+    arg0: lamech.Name, arg1: i, arg2: lamech[i].Name);
+}
+
+// Implementing functionality using local functions
+
+WriteLine($"5! is {Person.Factorial(5)}");
+
+// Pattern matching with objects
+
+object[] passengers = {
+  new FirstClassPassenger { AirMiles = 1_419 },
+  new FirstClassPassenger { AirMiles = 16_562 },
+  new BusinessClassPassenger(),
+  new CoachClassPassenger { CarryOnKG = 25.7 },
+  new CoachClassPassenger { CarryOnKG = 0 },
+};
+
+foreach (object passenger in passengers)
+{
+  decimal flightCost = passenger switch
+  {
+    /* C# 8 syntax
+    FirstClassPassenger p when p.AirMiles > 35000 => 1500M,
+    FirstClassPassenger p when p.AirMiles > 15000 => 1750M,
+    FirstClassPassenger                           => 2000M, */
+
+    // C# 9 or later syntax
+    FirstClassPassenger p => p.AirMiles switch
+    {
+      > 35000 => 1500M,
+      > 15000 => 1750M,
+      _       => 2000M
+    },
+    BusinessClassPassenger _                      => 1000M,
+    CoachClassPassenger p when p.CarryOnKG < 10.0 => 500M,
+    CoachClassPassenger _                         => 650M,
+    _                                             => 800M
+  };
+  WriteLine($"Flight costs {flightCost:C} for {passenger}");
+}
+
+//ImmutablePerson jeff = new()
+//{
+//  FirstName = "Jeff",
+//  LastName = "Winger"
+//};
+//jeff.FirstName = "Geoff";