The first comparison is that of a linux kernel tarball (2.6.31). In all cases the default options were used. 3 other common compression apps were used for comparison, 7z which is an excellent all-round lzma based compression app, gzip which is the benchmark fast standard that has good compression, and bzip2 which is the most common linux used compression. In the following tables, lrzip means lrzip default options, lrzip -l means lrzip using the lzo backend, lrzip -g means using the gzip backend, lrzip -b means using the bzip2 backend and lrzip -z means using the zpaq backend. linux-2.6.31.tar These are benchmarks performed on a 3GHz quad core Intel Core2 with 8GB ram using lrzip v0.42. Compression Size Percentage Compress Decompress None 365711360 100 7z 53315279 14.6 2m4s 0m5.4s lrzip 52372722 14.3 2m48s 0m8.3s lrzip -z 43455498 11.9 10m11s 10m14s lrzip -l 112151676 30.7 0m14s 0m5.1s lrzip -g 73476127 20.1 0m29s 0m5.6s lrzip -b 60851152 16.6 0m43s 0m12.2s bzip2 62416571 17.1 0m44s 0m9.8s gzip 80563601 22.0 0m14s 0m2.8s These results are interesting to note the compression of lrzip by default is only slightly better than lzma, but at some cost in time at the compress and decompress end of the spectrum. Clearly zpaq compression is much better than any other compression algorithm by far, but the speed cost on both compression and decompression is extreme. At this size compression, lzo is interesting because it's faster than simply copying the file but only offers modest compression. What lrzip offers at this end of the spectrum is extreme compression if desired. Let's take six kernel trees one version apart as a tarball, linux-2.6.31 to linux-2.6.36. These will show lots of redundant information, but hundreds of megabytes apart, which lrzip will be very good at compressing. For simplicity, only 7z will be compared since that's by far the best general purpose compressor at the moment: These are benchmarks performed on a 2.53Ghz dual core Intel Core2 with 4GB ram using lrzip v0.5.1. Note that it was running with a 32 bit userspace so only 2GB addressing was posible. However the benchmark was run with the -U option allowing the whole file to be treated as one large compression window. Tarball of 6 consecutive kernel trees. Compression Size Percentage Compress Decompress None 2373713920 100 7z 344088002 14.5 17m26s 1m22s lrzip 104874109 4.4 11m37s 56s lrzip -l 223130711 9.4 05m21s 1m01s lrzip -U 73356070 3.1 08m53s 43s lrzip -Ul 158851141 6.7 04m31s 35s lrzip -Uz 62614573 2.6 24m42s 25m30s Things start getting very interesting now when lrzip is really starting to shine. Note how it's not that much larger for 6 kernel trees than it was for one. That's because all the similar data in both kernel trees is being compressed as one copy and only the differences really make up the extra size. All compression software does this, but not over such large distances. If you copy the same data over multiple times, the resulting lrzip archive doesn't get much larger at all. You might find this example interesting because the -U option is actually faster as well as providing better compression. The reason is that the window is not much larger than the amount of ram addressable (2GB), and it compresses so much more in the rzip stage that it makes up the time by not needing to compress anywhere near as much data with the backend compressor. Using the first example (linux-2.6.31.tar) and simply copying the data multiple times over gives these results with lrzip(lzo): Copies Size Compressed Compress Decompress 1 365711360 112151676 0m14.9s 0m5.1s 2 731422720 112151829 0m16.2s 0m6.5s 3 1097134080 112151832 0m17.5s 0m8.1s I had the amusing thought that this compression software could be used as a bullshit detector if you were to compress people's speeches because if their talks were full of catchphrases and not much actual content, it would all be compressed down. So the larger the final archive, the less bullshit =) Now let's move on to the other special feature of lrzip, the ability to compress massive amounts of data on huge ram machines by using massive compression windows. This is a 10GB virtual image of an installed operating system and some basic working software on it. The default options on the 8GB machine meant that it was using a 5 GB window. 10GB Virtual image: These benchmarks were done on the quad core with version 0.5.1 Compression Size Percentage Compress Time Decompress Time None 10737418240 100.0 gzip 2772899756 25.8 05m47s 2m46s bzip2 2704781700 25.2 16m15s 6m19s xz 2272322208 21.2 50m58s 3m52s 7z 2242897134 20.9 26m36s 5m41s lrzip 1354237684 12.6 29m13s 6m55s lrzip -M 1079528708 10.1 23m44s 4m05s lrzip -l 1793312108 16.7 05m13s 3m12s lrzip -lM 1413268368 13.2 04m18s 2m54s lrzip -z 1299844906 12.1 04h32m14s 04h33m lrzip -zM 1066902006 9.9 04h07m14s 04h08m At this end of the spectrum things really start to heat up. The compression advantage is massive, with the lzo backend even giving much better results than 7z, and over a ridiculously short time. The default lzma backend is slightly slower than 7z, but provides a lot more compression. What appears to be a big disappointment is actually zpaq here which takes more than 8 times longer than lzma for a measly .2% improvement. The reason is that most of the advantage here is achieved by the rzip first stage since there's a lot of redundant space over huge distances on a virtual image. The -M option which works the memory subsystem rather hard making noticeable impact on the rest of the machine also does further wonders for the compression and times. This should help govern what compression you choose. Small files are nicely compressed with zpaq. Intermediate files are nicely compressed with lzma. Large files get excellent results even with lzo provided you have enough ram. (Small being < 100MB, intermediate <1GB, large >1GB). Or, to make things easier, just use the default settings all the time and be happy as lzma gives good results. :D Con Kolivas Tue, 7th Nov 2010