diff --git a/MapControl/Shared/MapPanel.cs b/MapControl/Shared/MapPanel.cs
index 905ac450..fcdf93ce 100644
--- a/MapControl/Shared/MapPanel.cs
+++ b/MapControl/Shared/MapPanel.cs
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ namespace MapControl
 
                 if (mapRect.HasValue)
                 {
-                    ArrangeElement(element, mapRect.Value, null);
+                    ArrangeElement(element, mapRect.Value, 0d);
                 }
                 else
                 {
@@ -288,9 +288,9 @@ namespace MapControl
 
                     if (boundingBox != null)
                     {
-                        (var rect, var transform) = parentMap.MapProjection.BoundingBoxToMap(boundingBox);
+                        (var rect, var rotation) = parentMap.MapProjection.BoundingBoxToMap(boundingBox);
 
-                        ArrangeElement(element, rect, transform);
+                        ArrangeElement(element, rect, rotation);
                     }
                     else
                     {
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ namespace MapControl
             }
         }
 
-        private void ArrangeElement(FrameworkElement element, Rect mapRect, Matrix? transform)
+        private void ArrangeElement(FrameworkElement element, Rect mapRect, double rotation)
         {
             var viewRect = GetViewRect(mapRect);
 
@@ -308,28 +308,15 @@ namespace MapControl
             element.Height = viewRect.Height;
             element.Arrange(viewRect);
 
-            if (parentMap.ViewTransform.Rotation != 0d)
-            {
-                var t = transform ?? new Matrix(1d, 0d, 0d, 1d, 0d, 0d);
-                t.Rotate(parentMap.ViewTransform.Rotation);
-                transform = t;
-            }
+            rotation += parentMap.ViewTransform.Rotation;
 
-            if (element.RenderTransform is MatrixTransform matrixTransform &&
-                !matrixTransform.Matrix.IsIdentity) // not default RenderTransform in WPF/UWP/WinUI
+            if (element.RenderTransform is RotateTransform rotateTransform)
             {
-                if (transform.HasValue)
-                {
-                    matrixTransform.Matrix = transform.Value;
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    element.ClearValue(RenderTransformProperty);
-                }
+                rotateTransform.Angle = rotation;
             }
-            else if (transform.HasValue)
+            else if (rotation != 0d)
             {
-                element.SetRenderTransform(new MatrixTransform { Matrix = transform.Value }, true);
+                element.SetRenderTransform(new RotateTransform { Angle = rotation }, true);
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/MapControl/Shared/MapProjection.cs b/MapControl/Shared/MapProjection.cs
index 4ae4001a..c218a13c 100644
--- a/MapControl/Shared/MapProjection.cs
+++ b/MapControl/Shared/MapProjection.cs
@@ -57,10 +57,17 @@ namespace MapControl
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the relative transform at the specified geographic coordinates.
-        /// The returned Matrix represents the local distortion of the map projection.
+        /// The returned Matrix represents the local relative scale and rotation.
         /// </summary>
         public abstract Matrix RelativeTransform(double latitude, double longitude);
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the grid convergence angle in degrees at the specified projected map coordinates.
+        /// Used for rotating the Rect resulting from BoundingBoxToMap in non-normal-cylindrical
+        /// projections, i.e. Transverse Mercator and Polar Stereographic.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual double GridConvergence(double x, double y) => 0d;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Transforms geographic coordinates to a Point in projected map coordinates.
         /// </summary>
@@ -88,33 +95,42 @@ namespace MapControl
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Transforms a BoundingBox in geographic coordinates to a Rect in projected map coordinates
-        /// with an optional transform Matrix.
+        /// with an optional rotation angle in degrees.
         /// </summary>
-        public (Rect, Matrix?) BoundingBoxToMap(BoundingBox boundingBox)
+        public (Rect, double) BoundingBoxToMap(BoundingBox boundingBox)
         {
             Rect rect;
-            Matrix? transform = null;
+            var rotation = 0d;
+            var southWest = LocationToMap(boundingBox.South, boundingBox.West);
+            var northEast = LocationToMap(boundingBox.North, boundingBox.East);
 
             if (IsNormalCylindrical)
             {
-                var southWest = LocationToMap(boundingBox.South, boundingBox.West);
-                var northEast = LocationToMap(boundingBox.North, boundingBox.East);
-
                 rect = new Rect(southWest.X, southWest.Y, northEast.X - southWest.X, northEast.Y - southWest.Y);
             }
             else
             {
-                var latitude = (boundingBox.South + boundingBox.North) / 2d;
-                var longitude = (boundingBox.West + boundingBox.East) / 2d;
-                var center = LocationToMap(latitude, longitude);
-                var width = MeterPerDegree * (boundingBox.East - boundingBox.West) * Math.Cos(latitude * Math.PI / 180d);
-                var height = MeterPerDegree * (boundingBox.North - boundingBox.South);
+                var southEast = LocationToMap(boundingBox.South, boundingBox.East);
+                var northWest = LocationToMap(boundingBox.North, boundingBox.West);
+                var south = new Point((southWest.X + southEast.X) / 2d, (southWest.Y + southEast.Y) / 2d);
+                var north = new Point((northWest.X + northEast.X) / 2d, (northWest.Y + northEast.Y) / 2d);
+                var centerX = (south.X + north.X) / 2d;
+                var centerY = (south.Y + north.Y) / 2d;
+                var dx = north.X - south.X;
+                var dy = north.Y - south.Y;
+                var dxS = southEast.X - southWest.X;
+                var dyS = southEast.Y - southWest.Y;
+                var dxN = northEast.X - northWest.X;
+                var dyN = northEast.Y - northWest.Y;
+                var width = (Math.Sqrt(dxS * dxS + dyS * dyS) + Math.Sqrt(dxN * dxN + dyN * dyN)) / 2d;
+                var height = Math.Sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);
 
-                rect = new Rect(center.X - width / 2d, center.Y - height / 2d, width, height);
-                transform = RelativeTransform(latitude, longitude);
+                rect = new Rect(centerX - width / 2d, centerY - height / 2d, width, height);
+
+                rotation = -GridConvergence(centerX, centerY); // invert direction for RotateTransform
             }
 
-            return (rect, transform);
+            return (rect, rotation);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
diff --git a/MapControl/Shared/PolarStereographicProjection.cs b/MapControl/Shared/PolarStereographicProjection.cs
index ac9e4dcd..1c436ea7 100644
--- a/MapControl/Shared/PolarStereographicProjection.cs
+++ b/MapControl/Shared/PolarStereographicProjection.cs
@@ -21,32 +21,6 @@ namespace MapControl
         public double FalseNorthing { get; set; } = 2e6;
         public Hemisphere Hemisphere { get; set; }
 
-        public static Matrix RelativeScale(Hemisphere hemisphere, double flattening, double scaleFactor, double latitude, double longitude)
-        {
-            var sign = hemisphere == Hemisphere.North ? 1d : -1d;
-            var phi = sign * latitude * Math.PI / 180d;
-
-            var e = Math.Sqrt((2d - flattening) * flattening);
-            var eSinPhi = e * Math.Sin(phi);
-
-            var t = Math.Tan(Math.PI / 4d - phi / 2d)
-                  / Math.Pow((1d - eSinPhi) / (1d + eSinPhi), e / 2d); // p.161 (15-9)
-
-            // r == ρ/a
-            var r = 2d * scaleFactor * t / Math.Sqrt(Math.Pow(1d + e, 1d + e) * Math.Pow(1d - e, 1d - e)); // p.161 (21-33)
-            var m = Math.Cos(phi) / Math.Sqrt(1d - eSinPhi * eSinPhi); // p.160 (14-15)
-            var k = r / m; // p.161 (21-32)
-
-            var transform = new Matrix(k, 0d, 0d, k, 0d, 0d);
-            transform.Rotate(-sign * longitude);
-            return transform;
-        }
-
-        public override Matrix RelativeTransform(double latitude, double longitude)
-        {
-            return RelativeScale(Hemisphere, Flattening, ScaleFactor, latitude, longitude);
-        }
-
         public override Point LocationToMap(double latitude, double longitude)
         {
             var sign = Hemisphere == Hemisphere.North ? 1d : -1d;
@@ -68,6 +42,27 @@ namespace MapControl
             return new Point(x + FalseEasting, y + FalseNorthing);
         }
 
+        public override Matrix RelativeTransform(double latitude, double longitude)
+        {
+            var sign = Hemisphere == Hemisphere.North ? 1d : -1d;
+            var phi = sign * latitude * Math.PI / 180d;
+
+            var e = Math.Sqrt((2d - Flattening) * Flattening);
+            var eSinPhi = e * Math.Sin(phi);
+
+            var t = Math.Tan(Math.PI / 4d - phi / 2d)
+                  / Math.Pow((1d - eSinPhi) / (1d + eSinPhi), e / 2d); // p.161 (15-9)
+
+            // r == ρ/a
+            var r = 2d * ScaleFactor * t / Math.Sqrt(Math.Pow(1d + e, 1d + e) * Math.Pow(1d - e, 1d - e)); // p.161 (21-33)
+            var m = Math.Cos(phi) / Math.Sqrt(1d - eSinPhi * eSinPhi); // p.160 (14-15)
+            var k = r / m; // p.161 (21-32)
+
+            var transform = new Matrix(k, 0d, 0d, k, 0d, 0d);
+            transform.Rotate(-sign * longitude);
+            return transform;
+        }
+
         public override Location MapToLocation(double x, double y)
         {
             var sign = Hemisphere == Hemisphere.North ? 1d : -1d;
@@ -84,6 +79,17 @@ namespace MapControl
 
             return new Location(sign * phi * 180d / Math.PI, sign * lambda * 180d / Math.PI);
         }
+
+        public override double GridConvergence(double x, double y)
+        {
+            var sign = Hemisphere == Hemisphere.North ? 1d : -1d;
+            x = sign * (x - FalseEasting);
+            y = sign * (y - FalseNorthing);
+
+            var lambda = Math.Atan2(x, -y); // p.162 (20-16)
+
+            return lambda * 180d / Math.PI;
+        }
     }
 
     /// <summary>
diff --git a/MapControl/Shared/TransverseMercatorProjection.cs b/MapControl/Shared/TransverseMercatorProjection.cs
index 387967f0..c63f60ed 100644
--- a/MapControl/Shared/TransverseMercatorProjection.cs
+++ b/MapControl/Shared/TransverseMercatorProjection.cs
@@ -60,6 +60,35 @@ namespace MapControl
             Flattening = Wgs84Flattening;
         }
 
+        public override Point LocationToMap(double latitude, double longitude)
+        {
+            // φ
+            var phi = latitude * Math.PI / 180d;
+            var sinPhi = Math.Sin(phi);
+            // t
+            var t = Math.Sinh(Atanh(sinPhi) - f2 * Atanh(f2 * sinPhi));
+            // λ - λ0
+            var dLambda = (longitude - CentralMeridian) * Math.PI / 180d;
+            // ξ'
+            var xi_ = Math.Atan2(t, Math.Cos(dLambda));
+            // η'
+            var eta_ = Atanh(Math.Sin(dLambda) / Math.Sqrt(1d + t * t));
+            // k0 * A
+            var k0A = ScaleFactor * EquatorialRadius * f1;
+
+            var x = FalseEasting + k0A * (eta_ +
+                a1 * Math.Cos(2d * xi_) * Math.Sinh(2d * eta_) +
+                a2 * Math.Cos(4d * xi_) * Math.Sinh(4d * eta_) +
+                a3 * Math.Cos(6d * xi_) * Math.Sinh(6d * eta_));
+
+            var y = FalseNorthing + k0A * (xi_ +
+                a1 * Math.Sin(2d * xi_) * Math.Cosh(2d * eta_) +
+                a2 * Math.Sin(4d * xi_) * Math.Cosh(4d * eta_) +
+                a3 * Math.Sin(6d * xi_) * Math.Cosh(6d * eta_));
+
+            return new Point(x, y);
+        }
+
         public override Matrix RelativeTransform(double latitude, double longitude)
         {
             // φ
@@ -100,35 +129,6 @@ namespace MapControl
             return transform;
         }
 
-        public override Point LocationToMap(double latitude, double longitude)
-        {
-            // φ
-            var phi = latitude * Math.PI / 180d;
-            var sinPhi = Math.Sin(phi);
-            // t
-            var t = Math.Sinh(Atanh(sinPhi) - f2 * Atanh(f2 * sinPhi));
-            // λ - λ0
-            var dLambda = (longitude - CentralMeridian) * Math.PI / 180d;
-            // ξ'
-            var xi_ = Math.Atan2(t, Math.Cos(dLambda));
-            // η'
-            var eta_ = Atanh(Math.Sin(dLambda) / Math.Sqrt(1d + t * t));
-            // k0 * A
-            var k0A = ScaleFactor * EquatorialRadius * f1;
-
-            var x = FalseEasting + k0A * (eta_ +
-                a1 * Math.Cos(2d * xi_) * Math.Sinh(2d * eta_) +
-                a2 * Math.Cos(4d * xi_) * Math.Sinh(4d * eta_) +
-                a3 * Math.Cos(6d * xi_) * Math.Sinh(6d * eta_));
-
-            var y = FalseNorthing + k0A * (xi_ +
-                a1 * Math.Sin(2d * xi_) * Math.Cosh(2d * eta_) +
-                a2 * Math.Sin(4d * xi_) * Math.Cosh(4d * eta_) +
-                a3 * Math.Sin(6d * xi_) * Math.Cosh(6d * eta_));
-
-            return new Point(x, y);
-        }
-
         public override Location MapToLocation(double x, double y)
         {
             // k0 * A
@@ -162,6 +162,42 @@ namespace MapControl
                 dLambda * 180d / Math.PI + CentralMeridian);
         }
 
+        public override double GridConvergence(double x, double y)
+        {
+            // k0 * A
+            var k0A = ScaleFactor * EquatorialRadius * f1;
+            // ξ
+            var xi = (y - FalseNorthing) / k0A;
+            // η
+            var eta = (x - FalseEasting) / k0A;
+            // ξ'
+            var xi_ = xi -
+                b1 * Math.Sin(2d * xi) * Math.Cosh(2d * eta) -
+                b2 * Math.Sin(4d * xi) * Math.Cosh(4d * eta) -
+                b3 * Math.Sin(6d * xi) * Math.Cosh(6d * eta);
+            // η'
+            var eta_ = eta -
+                b1 * Math.Cos(2d * xi) * Math.Sinh(2d * eta) -
+                b2 * Math.Cos(4d * xi) * Math.Sinh(4d * eta) -
+                b3 * Math.Cos(6d * xi) * Math.Sinh(6d * eta);
+            // σ'
+            var sigma_ = 1 -
+                2d * b1 * Math.Cos(2d * xi) * Math.Cosh(2d * eta) +
+                4d * b2 * Math.Cos(4d * xi) * Math.Cosh(4d * eta) +
+                6d * b3 * Math.Cos(6d * xi) * Math.Cosh(6d * eta);
+            // τ'
+            var tau_ =
+                2d * b1 * Math.Sin(2d * xi) * Math.Sinh(2d * eta) +
+                4d * b2 * Math.Sin(4d * xi) * Math.Sinh(4d * eta) +
+                6d * b3 * Math.Sin(6d * xi) * Math.Sinh(6d * eta);
+
+            var tanXi_tanhEta_ = Math.Tan(xi_) * Math.Tanh(eta_);
+            // γ
+            var gamma = Math.Atan2(tau_ + sigma_ * tanXi_tanhEta_, sigma_ + -tau_ * tanXi_tanhEta_);
+
+            return gamma * 180d / Math.PI;
+        }
+
 #if NETFRAMEWORK
         private static double Atanh(double x) => Math.Log((1d + x) / (1d - x)) / 2d;
 #else
diff --git a/MapControl/Shared/TransverseMercatorProjectionSnyder.cs b/MapControl/Shared/TransverseMercatorProjectionSnyder.cs
index 3bb06244..5cef2733 100644
--- a/MapControl/Shared/TransverseMercatorProjectionSnyder.cs
+++ b/MapControl/Shared/TransverseMercatorProjectionSnyder.cs
@@ -45,41 +45,6 @@ namespace MapControl
                  e6 * 35d / 3072d * Math.Sin(6d * phi)); // (3-21)
         }
 
-        public override Matrix RelativeTransform(double latitude, double longitude)
-        {
-            var k = ScaleFactor;
-            var gamma = 0d; // γ, meridian convergence angle
-
-            if (latitude > -90d && latitude < 90d)
-            {
-                var phi = latitude * Math.PI / 180d;
-                var sinPhi = Math.Sin(phi);
-                var cosPhi = Math.Cos(phi);
-                var tanPhi = sinPhi / cosPhi;
-                var dLambda = (longitude - CentralMeridian) * Math.PI / 180d;
-
-                var e2 = (2d - Flattening) * Flattening;
-                var e_2 = e2 / (1d - e2); // (8-12)
-                var T = tanPhi * tanPhi; // (8-13)
-                var C = e_2 * cosPhi * cosPhi; // (8-14)
-                var A = dLambda * cosPhi; // (8-15)
-                var A2 = A * A;
-                var A4 = A2 * A2;
-                var A6 = A2 * A4;
-
-                k *= 1d + (1d + C) * A2 / 2d +
-                    (5d - 4d * T + 42d * C + 13d * C * C - 28d * e_2) * A4 / 24d +
-                    (61d - 148d * T + 16 * T * T) * A6 / 720d; // (8-11)
-
-                gamma = Math.Atan(Math.Tan(dLambda) * sinPhi);
-            }
-
-            var transform = new Matrix(k, 0d, 0d, k, 0d, 0d);
-            transform.Rotate(-gamma * 180d / Math.PI);
-
-            return transform;
-        }
-
         public override Point LocationToMap(double latitude, double longitude)
         {
             var phi = latitude * Math.PI / 180d;
@@ -118,6 +83,41 @@ namespace MapControl
             return new Point(x + FalseEasting, y + FalseNorthing);
         }
 
+        public override Matrix RelativeTransform(double latitude, double longitude)
+        {
+            var k = ScaleFactor;
+            var gamma = 0d; // γ, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_Mercator_projection#Convergence
+
+            if (latitude > -90d && latitude < 90d)
+            {
+                var phi = latitude * Math.PI / 180d;
+                var sinPhi = Math.Sin(phi);
+                var cosPhi = Math.Cos(phi);
+                var tanPhi = sinPhi / cosPhi;
+                var dLambda = (longitude - CentralMeridian) * Math.PI / 180d;
+
+                var e2 = (2d - Flattening) * Flattening;
+                var e_2 = e2 / (1d - e2); // (8-12)
+                var T = tanPhi * tanPhi; // (8-13)
+                var C = e_2 * cosPhi * cosPhi; // (8-14)
+                var A = dLambda * cosPhi; // (8-15)
+                var A2 = A * A;
+                var A4 = A2 * A2;
+                var A6 = A2 * A4;
+
+                k *= 1d + (1d + C) * A2 / 2d +
+                    (5d - 4d * T + 42d * C + 13d * C * C - 28d * e_2) * A4 / 24d +
+                    (61d - 148d * T + 16 * T * T) * A6 / 720d; // (8-11)
+
+                gamma = Math.Atan(Math.Tan(dLambda) * sinPhi) * 180d / Math.PI;
+            }
+
+            var transform = new Matrix(k, 0d, 0d, k, 0d, 0d);
+            transform.Rotate(-gamma);
+
+            return transform;
+        }
+
         public override Location MapToLocation(double x, double y)
         {
             var e2 = (2d - Flattening) * Flattening;
@@ -164,5 +164,52 @@ namespace MapControl
                 phi * 180d / Math.PI,
                 dLambda * 180d / Math.PI + CentralMeridian);
         }
+
+        public override double GridConvergence(double x, double y)
+        {
+            var e2 = (2d - Flattening) * Flattening;
+            var e4 = e2 * e2;
+            var e6 = e2 * e4;
+            var s = Math.Sqrt(1d - e2);
+            var e1 = (1d - s) / (1d + s); // (3-24)
+            var e12 = e1 * e1;
+            var e13 = e1 * e12;
+            var e14 = e1 * e13;
+
+            var M = M0 + (y - FalseNorthing) / ScaleFactor; // (8-20)
+            var mu = M / (EquatorialRadius * (1d - e2 / 4d - e4 * 3d / 64d - e6 * 5d / 256d)); // (7-19)
+            var phi1 = mu +
+                (e1 * 3d / 2d - e13 * 27d / 32d) * Math.Sin(2d * mu) +
+                (e12 * 21d / 16d - e14 * 55d / 32d) * Math.Sin(4d * mu) +
+                 e13 * 151d / 96d * Math.Sin(6d * mu) +
+                 e14 * 1097d / 512d * Math.Sin(8d * mu); // (3-26)
+
+            var sinPhi1 = Math.Sin(phi1);
+            var cosPhi1 = Math.Cos(phi1);
+            var tanPhi1 = sinPhi1 / cosPhi1;
+
+            var e_2 = e2 / (1d - e2); // (8-12)
+            var C1 = e_2 * cosPhi1 * cosPhi1; // (8-21)
+            var T1 = sinPhi1 * sinPhi1 / (cosPhi1 * cosPhi1); // (8-22)
+            s = Math.Sqrt(1d - e2 * sinPhi1 * sinPhi1);
+            var N1 = EquatorialRadius / s; // (8-23)
+            var R1 = EquatorialRadius * (1d - e2) / (s * s * s); // (8-24)
+            var D = (x - FalseEasting) / (N1 * ScaleFactor); // (8-25)
+            var D2 = D * D;
+            var D3 = D * D2;
+            var D4 = D * D3;
+            var D5 = D * D4;
+            var D6 = D * D5;
+
+            var phi = phi1 - N1 * tanPhi1 / R1 * (D2 / 2d - (5d + 3d * T1 + 10d * C1 - 4d * C1 * C1 - 9d * e_2) * D4 / 24d +
+                (61d + 90d * T1 + 45d * T1 * T1 + 298 * C1 - 3d * C1 * C1 - 252d * e_2) * D6 / 720d); // (8-17)
+
+            var dLambda = (D - (1d + 2d * T1 + C1) * D3 / 6d +
+                (5d - 2d * C1 - 3d * C1 * C1 + 28d * T1 + 24d * T1 * T1 + 8d * e_2) * D5 / 120d) / cosPhi1; // (8-18)
+
+            // γ, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_Mercator_projection#Convergence
+            //
+            return Math.Atan(Math.Tan(dLambda) * Math.Sin(phi)) * 180d / Math.PI;
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/MapProjections/Shared/Ed50UtmProjection.cs b/MapProjections/Shared/Ed50UtmProjection.cs
index a11cb20a..0ef54a3f 100644
--- a/MapProjections/Shared/Ed50UtmProjection.cs
+++ b/MapProjections/Shared/Ed50UtmProjection.cs
@@ -15,6 +15,12 @@ namespace MapControl.Projections
         public int Zone { get; }
 
         public Ed50UtmProjection(int zone)
+            : base(new TransverseMercatorProjection
+            {
+                EquatorialRadius = 6378388d,
+                Flattening = 297,
+                CentralMeridian = 6 * zone - 183,
+            })
         {
             if (zone < FirstZone || zone > LastZone)
             {
diff --git a/MapProjections/Shared/Etrs89UtmProjection.cs b/MapProjections/Shared/Etrs89UtmProjection.cs
index 7e281f21..e1b21514 100644
--- a/MapProjections/Shared/Etrs89UtmProjection.cs
+++ b/MapProjections/Shared/Etrs89UtmProjection.cs
@@ -1,26 +1,15 @@
-using System;
-
-namespace MapControl.Projections
+namespace MapControl.Projections
 {
     /// <summary>
-    /// ETRS89 Universal Transverse Mercator Projection.
+    /// ETRS89 Universal Transverse Mercator Projection - EPSG:25828 to EPSG:25838.
     /// </summary>
     public class Etrs89UtmProjection : ProjNetMapProjection
     {
-        public const int FirstZone = 28;
-        public const int LastZone = 38;
-        public const int FirstZoneEpsgCode = 25800 + FirstZone;
-        public const int LastZoneEpsgCode = 25800 + LastZone;
-
         public int Zone { get; }
 
         public Etrs89UtmProjection(int zone)
+            : base(new MapControl.Etrs89UtmProjection(zone))
         {
-            if (zone < FirstZone || zone > LastZone)
-            {
-                throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid ETRS89 UTM zone {zone}.", nameof(zone));
-            }
-
             Zone = zone;
             CoordinateSystemWkt =
                 $"PROJCS[\"ETRS89 / UTM zone {zone}N\"," +
diff --git a/MapProjections/Shared/Nad27UtmProjection.cs b/MapProjections/Shared/Nad27UtmProjection.cs
index 080583a6..098b5e42 100644
--- a/MapProjections/Shared/Nad27UtmProjection.cs
+++ b/MapProjections/Shared/Nad27UtmProjection.cs
@@ -1,26 +1,15 @@
-using System;
-
-namespace MapControl.Projections
+namespace MapControl.Projections
 {
     /// <summary>
-    /// NAD27 Universal Transverse Mercator Projection.
+    /// NAD27 Universal Transverse Mercator Projection - EPSG:26701 to EPSG:26722.
     /// </summary>
     public class Nad27UtmProjection : ProjNetMapProjection
     {
-        public const int FirstZone = 1;
-        public const int LastZone = 22;
-        public const int FirstZoneEpsgCode = 26700 + FirstZone;
-        public const int LastZoneEpsgCode = 26700 + LastZone;
-
         public int Zone { get; }
 
         public Nad27UtmProjection(int zone)
+            : base(new MapControl.Nad27UtmProjection(zone))
         {
-            if (zone < FirstZone || zone > LastZone)
-            {
-                throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid NAD27 UTM zone {zone}.", nameof(zone));
-            }
-
             Zone = zone;
             CoordinateSystemWkt =
                 $"PROJCS[\"NAD27 / UTM zone {zone}N\"," +
diff --git a/MapProjections/Shared/Nad83UtmProjection.cs b/MapProjections/Shared/Nad83UtmProjection.cs
index e2cb20f1..9c39dccf 100644
--- a/MapProjections/Shared/Nad83UtmProjection.cs
+++ b/MapProjections/Shared/Nad83UtmProjection.cs
@@ -1,26 +1,15 @@
-using System;
-
-namespace MapControl.Projections
+namespace MapControl.Projections
 {
     /// <summary>
-    /// NAD83 Universal Transverse Mercator Projection.
+    /// NAD83 Universal Transverse Mercator Projection - EPSG:26901 to EPSG:26923.
     /// </summary>
     public class Nad83UtmProjection : ProjNetMapProjection
     {
-        public const int FirstZone = 1;
-        public const int LastZone = 23;
-        public const int FirstZoneEpsgCode = 26900 + FirstZone;
-        public const int LastZoneEpsgCode = 26900 + LastZone;
-
         public int Zone { get; }
 
         public Nad83UtmProjection(int zone)
+            : base(new MapControl.Nad83UtmProjection(zone))
         {
-            if (zone < FirstZone || zone > LastZone)
-            {
-                throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid NAD83 UTM zone {zone}.", nameof(zone));
-            }
-
             Zone = zone;
             CoordinateSystemWkt =
                 $"PROJCS[\"NAD83 / UTM zone {zone}N\"," +
diff --git a/MapProjections/Shared/ProjNetMapProjection.cs b/MapProjections/Shared/ProjNetMapProjection.cs
index 762b2c97..9c813939 100644
--- a/MapProjections/Shared/ProjNetMapProjection.cs
+++ b/MapProjections/Shared/ProjNetMapProjection.cs
@@ -15,8 +15,11 @@ namespace MapControl.Projections
     /// </summary>
     public class ProjNetMapProjection : MapProjection
     {
-        protected ProjNetMapProjection()
+        protected MapProjection FallbackProjection { get; }
+
+        protected ProjNetMapProjection(MapProjection fallbackProjection)
         {
+            FallbackProjection = fallbackProjection;
         }
 
         public ProjNetMapProjection(string coordinateSystemWkt)
@@ -71,11 +74,6 @@ namespace MapControl.Projections
 
         public MathTransform MapToLocationTransform { get; private set; }
 
-        public override Matrix RelativeTransform(double latitude, double longitude)
-        {
-            return new Matrix(1d, 0d, 0d, 1d, 0d, 0d);
-        }
-
         public override Point LocationToMap(double latitude, double longitude)
         {
             if (LocationToMapTransform == null)
@@ -99,5 +97,19 @@ namespace MapControl.Projections
 
             return new Location(coordinate[1], coordinate[0]);
         }
+
+        public override Matrix RelativeTransform(double latitude, double longitude)
+        {
+            return FallbackProjection != null
+                ? FallbackProjection.RelativeTransform(latitude, longitude)
+                : new Matrix(1d, 0d, 0d, 1d, 0d, 0d);
+        }
+
+        public override double GridConvergence(double x, double y)
+        {
+            return FallbackProjection != null
+                ? FallbackProjection.GridConvergence(x, y)
+                : 0d;
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/MapProjections/Shared/ProjNetMapProjectionFactory.cs b/MapProjections/Shared/ProjNetMapProjectionFactory.cs
index 7537edc5..6964ddee 100644
--- a/MapProjections/Shared/ProjNetMapProjectionFactory.cs
+++ b/MapProjections/Shared/ProjNetMapProjectionFactory.cs
@@ -47,16 +47,16 @@ namespace MapControl.Projections
             {
                 var c when c is >= Ed50UtmProjection.FirstZoneEpsgCode
                             and <= Ed50UtmProjection.LastZoneEpsgCode => new Ed50UtmProjection(c % 100),
-                var c when c is >= Etrs89UtmProjection.FirstZoneEpsgCode
-                            and <= Etrs89UtmProjection.LastZoneEpsgCode => new Etrs89UtmProjection(c % 100),
-                var c when c is >= Nad27UtmProjection.FirstZoneEpsgCode
-                            and <= Nad27UtmProjection.LastZoneEpsgCode => new Nad27UtmProjection(c % 100),
-                var c when c is >= Nad83UtmProjection.FirstZoneEpsgCode
-                            and <= Nad83UtmProjection.LastZoneEpsgCode => new Nad83UtmProjection(c % 100),
-                var c when c is >= Wgs84UtmProjection.FirstZoneNorthEpsgCode
-                            and <= Wgs84UtmProjection.LastZoneNorthEpsgCode => new Wgs84UtmProjection(c % 100, Hemisphere.North),
-                var c when c is >= Wgs84UtmProjection.FirstZoneSouthEpsgCode
-                            and <= Wgs84UtmProjection.LastZoneSouthEpsgCode => new Wgs84UtmProjection(c % 100, Hemisphere.South),
+                var c when c is >= MapControl.Etrs89UtmProjection.FirstZoneEpsgCode
+                            and <= MapControl.Etrs89UtmProjection.LastZoneEpsgCode => new Etrs89UtmProjection(c % 100),
+                var c when c is >= MapControl.Nad27UtmProjection.FirstZoneEpsgCode
+                            and <= MapControl.Nad27UtmProjection.LastZoneEpsgCode => new Nad27UtmProjection(c % 100),
+                var c when c is >= MapControl.Nad83UtmProjection.FirstZoneEpsgCode
+                            and <= MapControl.Nad83UtmProjection.LastZoneEpsgCode => new Nad83UtmProjection(c % 100),
+                var c when c is >= MapControl.Wgs84UtmProjection.FirstZoneNorthEpsgCode
+                            and <= MapControl.Wgs84UtmProjection.LastZoneNorthEpsgCode => new Wgs84UtmProjection(c % 100, Hemisphere.North),
+                var c when c is >= MapControl.Wgs84UtmProjection.FirstZoneSouthEpsgCode
+                            and <= MapControl.Wgs84UtmProjection.LastZoneSouthEpsgCode => new Wgs84UtmProjection(c % 100, Hemisphere.South),
                 _ => base.GetProjection(epsgCode)
             };
         }
diff --git a/MapProjections/Shared/WebMercatorProjection.cs b/MapProjections/Shared/WebMercatorProjection.cs
index 9c32b71d..37659a80 100644
--- a/MapProjections/Shared/WebMercatorProjection.cs
+++ b/MapProjections/Shared/WebMercatorProjection.cs
@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
 using ProjNet.CoordinateSystems;
-using System;
-#if WPF
-using System.Windows.Media;
-#endif
 
 namespace MapControl.Projections
 {
@@ -13,15 +9,9 @@ namespace MapControl.Projections
     public class WebMercatorProjection : ProjNetMapProjection
     {
         public WebMercatorProjection()
+            : base(new MapControl.WebMercatorProjection())
         {
             CoordinateSystem = ProjectedCoordinateSystem.WebMercator;
         }
-
-        public override Matrix RelativeTransform(double latitude, double longitude)
-        {
-            var k = 1d / Math.Cos(latitude * Math.PI / 180d); // p.44 (7-3)
-
-            return new Matrix(k, 0d, 0d, k, 0d, 0d);
-        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/MapProjections/Shared/Wgs84UpsProjections.cs b/MapProjections/Shared/Wgs84UpsProjections.cs
index 055972d9..e72da80e 100644
--- a/MapProjections/Shared/Wgs84UpsProjections.cs
+++ b/MapProjections/Shared/Wgs84UpsProjections.cs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ namespace MapControl.Projections
     public class Wgs84UpsNorthProjection : ProjNetMapProjection
     {
         public Wgs84UpsNorthProjection()
+            : base(new MapControl.Wgs84UpsNorthProjection())
         {
             CoordinateSystemWkt =
                 "PROJCS[\"WGS 84 / UPS North (N,E)\"," +
@@ -20,16 +21,12 @@ namespace MapControl.Projections
                 "UNIT[\"metre\",1,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]]," +
                 "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"32661\"]]";
         }
-
-        public override Matrix RelativeTransform(double latitude, double longitude)
-        {
-            return PolarStereographicProjection.RelativeScale(Hemisphere.North, Wgs84Flattening, 0.994, latitude, longitude);
-        }
     }
 
     public class Wgs84UpsSouthProjection : ProjNetMapProjection
     {
         public Wgs84UpsSouthProjection()
+            : base(new MapControl.Wgs84UpsSouthProjection())
         {
             CoordinateSystemWkt =
                 "PROJCS[\"WGS 84 / UPS South (N,E)\"," +
@@ -43,10 +40,5 @@ namespace MapControl.Projections
                 "UNIT[\"metre\",1,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]]," +
                 "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"32761\"]]";
         }
-
-        public override Matrix RelativeTransform(double latitude, double longitude)
-        {
-            return PolarStereographicProjection.RelativeScale(Hemisphere.North, Wgs84Flattening, 0.994, latitude, longitude);
-        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/MapProjections/Shared/Wgs84UtmProjection.cs b/MapProjections/Shared/Wgs84UtmProjection.cs
index d0d2db57..b6da1918 100644
--- a/MapProjections/Shared/Wgs84UtmProjection.cs
+++ b/MapProjections/Shared/Wgs84UtmProjection.cs
@@ -1,35 +1,19 @@
 using ProjNet.CoordinateSystems;
-using System;
 
 namespace MapControl.Projections
 {
     /// <summary>
-    /// WGS84 Universal Transverse Mercator Projection.
+    /// WGS84 Universal Transverse Mercator Projection -
+    /// EPSG:32601 to EPSG:32660 and EPSG:32701 to EPSG:32760.
     /// </summary>
     public class Wgs84UtmProjection : ProjNetMapProjection
     {
-        public const int FirstZone = 1;
-        public const int LastZone = 60;
-        public const int FirstZoneNorthEpsgCode = 32600 + FirstZone;
-        public const int LastZoneNorthEpsgCode = 32600 + LastZone;
-        public const int FirstZoneSouthEpsgCode = 32700 + FirstZone;
-        public const int LastZoneSouthEpsgCode = 32700 + LastZone;
-
-        public int Zone { get; private set; }
-        public Hemisphere Hemisphere { get; private set; }
+        public int Zone { get; }
+        public Hemisphere Hemisphere { get; }
 
         public Wgs84UtmProjection(int zone, Hemisphere hemisphere)
+            : base(new MapControl.Wgs84UtmProjection(zone, hemisphere))
         {
-            SetZone(zone, hemisphere);
-        }
-
-        protected void SetZone(int zone, Hemisphere hemisphere)
-        {
-            if (zone < FirstZone || zone > LastZone)
-            {
-                throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid WGS84 UTM zone {zone}.", nameof(zone));
-            }
-
             Zone = zone;
             Hemisphere = hemisphere;
             CoordinateSystem = ProjectedCoordinateSystem.WGS84_UTM(zone, hemisphere == Hemisphere.North);
diff --git a/MapProjections/Shared/WorldMercatorProjection.cs b/MapProjections/Shared/WorldMercatorProjection.cs
index 63c9708c..77a512ca 100644
--- a/MapProjections/Shared/WorldMercatorProjection.cs
+++ b/MapProjections/Shared/WorldMercatorProjection.cs
@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
-#if WPF
-using System.Windows.Media;
-#endif
-
-namespace MapControl.Projections
+namespace MapControl.Projections
 {
     /// <summary>
     /// Elliptical Mercator Projection implemented by setting the WKT property of a ProjNetMapProjection.
@@ -11,6 +7,7 @@ namespace MapControl.Projections
     public class WorldMercatorProjection : ProjNetMapProjection
     {
         public WorldMercatorProjection()
+            : base(new MapControl.WorldMercatorProjection())
         {
             CoordinateSystemWkt =
                 "PROJCS[\"WGS 84 / World Mercator\"," +
@@ -26,12 +23,5 @@ namespace MapControl.Projections
                 "AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH]," +
                 "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"3395\"]]";
         }
-
-        public override Matrix RelativeTransform(double latitude, double longitude)
-        {
-            var k = MapControl.WorldMercatorProjection.RelativeScale(latitude);
-
-            return new Matrix(k, 0d, 0d, k, 0d, 0d);
-        }
     }
 }